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Below are some links that give some history to the varoius leagues.  A lot of credit here goes to Wikipedia.  I've also put together tables identifying the top three and in some cases the top four finishers in some of the more important international baseball tournaments.

Overall History

World Cup Results

Year
gold
Silver
Bronze

2011

Netherlands

Cuba

Canada

2009

United States

Cuba

Canada

2007
United States
Cuba
Japan
2005
Cuba
South Korea
Panama
2003
Cuba
Panama
Japan
2001
Cuba
United States
Taiwan
1998
Cuba
South Korea
Nicaragua
1994
Cuba
South Korea
Japan
1990
Cuba
Nicaragua
South Korea
1988
Cuba
United States
Taiwan
1986
Cuba
South Korea
Taiwan
1984
Cuba
Taiwan
United States
1982
South Korea
Japan
United States
1980
Cuba
South Korea
Japan
1978
Cuba
United States
Korea
1976
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Japan
1974
United States
Nicaragua
Colombia
1973
United States
Nicaragua
Puerto Rico
1973
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Venezuela
1972
Cuba
United States
Nicaragua
1971
Cuba
Colombia
Nicaragua

1970

Cuba

United States 

Puerto Rico

1969

Cuba

United States

Dominican Republic

1965

Colombia

Mexico

Puerto Rico

1961

Cuba

Mexico

Venezuela

1953

Cuba

Venezuela

Nicaragua

1952

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Puerto Rico

1951

Puerto Rico

Venezuela

Cuba

1950

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Venezuela

1948

Dominican Republic

Puerto Rico

Colombia

1947

Colombia

Puerto Rico

Nicaragua

1945

Venezuela

Colombia

Panama

1944

Venezuela

Mexico

Cuba

1943

Cuba

Mexico

Dominican Republic

1942

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Venezuela

1941

Venezuela

Cuba

Mexico

1940

Cuba

United States
Nicaragua

none awarded

1939

Cuba

Nicaragua

United States

1938

Great Britain

United States

none awarded

The below records were obtained from Peter Bjarkman's "A History of Cuban Baseball" with the exception of 2006 to present, which were obtained from the World Cup webistes themselves.  Enjoy.

Team

Won

Lost

PCT

Cuba

307

36

.895

United States

174

79

.688

Japan

118

56

.678

Venezuela

140

86

.619

South Korea 

97

64

.602

Dominican Republic

123

91

.575

Puerto Rico

156

121

.563

Nicaragua

161

130

.553

Taiwan
93
77
.547
Panama
136
118
.535
Colombia
91
84
.520
Australia
46
51
.474
Canada
79
91
.465
Hawaii
5
7
.417
Mexico
92
140
.397
Netherlands
67
111
.376
Italy
55
108
.337
Great Britain
5
10
.333
Brazil
10
21
.323
Costa Rica
21
57
.269
Honduras
9
27
.250
China
6
19
.240
Guatemala
22
80
.216
Spain
9
34
.209
Dutch Antilles
23
90
.204
El Salvador
14
83
.144
Sweden
2
16
.111
Russia
2
18
.100

South Africa

2

38

.050

Germany

2

40

.048

Belgium

1

20

.048

Croatia

0

3

.000

Philippines

0

7

.000

Thailand

0

7

.000

Greece

0

7

.000

Czech Republic

0

11

.000

France

0

21

.000

Olympic Results

Year
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2008

Korea

Cuba

United States

2004
Cuba
Australia
Japan
2000
United States
Cuba
South Korea
1996
Cuba
Japan
United States

1992

Cuba

Taiwan

Japan

World Baseball Classic

Year
Gold

Silver

Bronze

Bronze

2006
Japan

Cuba

South Korea

Dominican Republic

2009

Japan

Korea

United States

Venezuela

2013

Dominican Republic

Puerto Rico

Netherlands

Japan

2017

United States

Puerto Rico

Japan

Netherlands

World Baseball Classic Standings

Country

Won

Lost

Pct

Dominican Republic

18

6

.750

Japan

23

8

.742

Puerto Rico

20

9

.690

Korea

15

7

.682

Israel

4

2

.667

Cuba

15

11

.577

United States

16

12

.571

Venezuela

12

12

.500

Netherlands

11

13

.458

Mexico

7

11

.389

Colombia

1

2

..333

Italy

5

10

.333

Canada

3

8

.273

Taiwan

3

10

.231

Australia

2

10

..167

China

2

10

.167

Brazil

0

3

.000

Spain

0

3

.000

Panama

0

5

.000

South Africa

0

5

.000

World Baseball Classic Qualifier Standings

Country

Won

Lost

Pct

Taiwan

3

0

1.000

Australia

3

0

1.000

Mexico

3

0

1.000

Canada

3

0

1.000

Israel

5

1

.833

Brazil

4

2

.667

Colombia

4

2

.667

Panama

4

4

.500

Spain

3

3

.500

New Zealand

3

4

.429

Great Britain

3

4

.429

South Africa

3

4

.429

Germany

2

4

.333

Nicaragua

2

4

.333

France

1

4

.200

Czech Republic

1

4

.200

Philippines

1

4

.200

Pakistan

0

2

.000

Thailand

0

2

.000

Premier 12 Results

 Year

Gold

Silver

Bronze

2015

Korea

United States

Japan

Pan American Games

Year
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2015

Canada

United States

Cuba

2011

Canada

United States

Cuba

2007
Cuba
U.S.
Mexico
Nicaragua
2003
Cuba
U.S.
Mexico
1999
Cuba
U.S.
Canada
1995
Cuba
Nicaragua
Puerto Rico
1991
Cuba
Puerto Rico
U.S.
1987
Cuba
U.S.
Puerto Rico
1983
Cuba
Nicaragua
U.S.
1979
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico
1975
Cuba
U.S.
Venezuela
1971
Cuba
U.S.
Colombia
1967
U.S.
Cuba
Puerto Rico
1963
Cuba
U.S.
Mexico
1959
Venezuela
Puerto Rico
U.S.
1955
Dominican Republic
U.S.
Venezuela
1951
Cuba
U.S.
Mexico

Asia Baseball Championships

Year

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Bronze

2017

Japan

Taiwan

Korea

 

Philippines

2014

Korea

Taiwan

Japan

China

2012

Japan

Taiwan

Korea

China

2009

Japan

Taiwan

Korea

China

2007

Japan

Korea

Taiwan

Philippines

2005

Japan

Taiwan

China

Korea

2003

Japan

Taiwan

Korea

China

2001

Taiwan

Korea

Japan

Philippines

1999
Korea
Japan
Taiwan

China

1997
Korea
Japan
Taiwan

China

1995
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

China

1993
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

Australia

1991
Japan
Taiwan
Korea

Australia

1989
Taiwan
Japan
Korea

China

1987
Taiwan
Japan
Korea

Guam

1985
Japan
Taiwan
Korea

Australia

1983
Taiwan
Japan
Korea

Australia

1975
Korea
Japan
Australia

Taiwan

1973
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

Philippines

1971
Korea
Japan
Philippines

Australia

1969
Japan
Taiwan
Philippines

Korea

1967
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

Philippines

1965
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

Philippines

1963
Korea
Japan
Taiwan

Philippines

1962
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

Philippines

1959
Japan
Korea
Taiwan

Philippines

1955
Japan
Taiwan
Korea

Philippines

1954
Philippines
Japan
Korea

Taiwan

European Baseball Championship

Year

Gold

Silver

Bronze

2016

 Netherlands

Spain

Italy

2014

 Netherlands

Italy

Spain

2012

Italy

Netherlands

Spain

2010

Italy

Netherlands

Germany

2007

Netherlands

Great Britain

Spain

2005

Netherlands

Italy

Spain

2003

Netherlands

Greece

Spain

2001

Netherlands

Russia

Italy

1999

Netherlands

Italy

France

1997

Italy

Netherlands

Spain

1995

Netherlands

Italy

Belgium

1993

Netherlands

Italy

Sweden

1991

Italy

Netherlands

Spain

1989

Italy

Netherlands

Spain

1987

Netherlands

Italy

Spain

1985
Netherlands
Italy
Belgium
1983
Italy
Netherlands
Belgium
1981
Netherlands
Italy
Sweden
1979
Italy
Netherlands
Belgium
1977
italy
Netherlands
Belgium
1975
Italy
Netherlands
West Germany
1973
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
1971
Netherlands
Italy
West Germany
1969
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
1967
Belgium
Great Britain
West Germany
1965
Netherlands
Italy
West Germany
1964
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
1962
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
1960
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
1958
Netherlands
Italy
West Germany
1957
Netherlands
West Germany
Italy
1956
Netherlands
Belgium
Italy
1955
Spain
Belgium
West Germany
1954
Italy
Spain
Belgium

Asian Series

Year
Champion
Runner Up
Score

MVP

2013

Canberra Cavalry

Uni-President Lions

14-4

Jack Murphy

2012

Yomiuri Giants

LaMiga Monkees

6-3

Hayoto Sakamoto

2011

Samsung Lions

Softbank Hawks

5-3

Won-Sam Jang

2009 *

Yomiuri Giants

Kia Tigers

9-4

None Voted

2008

Seibu Lions (Japan)

Uni-President Lions (Taiwan)

1-0

Tomoaki Sato

2007
Chunichi Dragons (Japan)
SK Wyverns (Korea)
6-5

Hirokaza Ibata

2006
Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters (Japan)
La New Bears (Taiwan)
1-0

Yu Darvish

2005
Chiba Lotte Marines (Japan)
Samsung Lions (Korea)
5-3

Benny Agbayani

* Only Japan and Korea played in a one game playoff calling the game the Japan/Korea Club Championship

Port Tournament (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Year

First

Second

1985

Havana

Kobe

1987

Havana

Taiwan

1989

Netherlands

Baltimore

1991

Baltimore

Canada

1993

MLB All Stars

Red Machine

1995

Havana

Netherlands

1997

Cuba

Netherlands

1999

Netherlands

Cuba

2001

Cuba

Netherlands

2003

Cuba

Netherlands

2007

Cuba

Taiwan

2009

Cuba

Netherlands

2011

Taiwan

Cuba

2013

Cuba

Netherlands

2015

Cuba

Netherlands

2017

Taiwan

Japan

History of Baseball in the United States

History of baseball outside the United States

History of the Dominican Winter League

History of the Mexican Pacific League

History of the Venezuelan Professional League

History of Japanese baseball

History of Korean baseball

History of baseball in Taiwan

History of Israeli Baseball

Until Wikipedia gives baseball history in China its own separate writeup, the following was taken from Wikipedias history of sport in China.
 
Baseball in China first appeared in 1863 with the establishment of the Shanghai Baseball Club by American medical missionary Henry William Boone.. Organized baseball games were established with a game between the St. John's University and the Shanghai MCA baseball club in 1905. However, in 1959 Mao Zedong disbanded all teams and outlawed baseball. After the Cultural Revolution ended, baseball activities restarted, and the China Baseball Association formed in 1974. In 2002, the China Baseball League was formed, and China participated in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. However, it is not a popular sport and it is often seen by Chinese as a mere American curiosity due to its slow pace. Defeats of the national team to Taiwan, Japan and South Korea may help change the trend as Chinese become more aware of the game's internationalization

There is also a discovery noted in http://www.thehumanaught.com/blog/2007/04/01/chinese-invented-baseball/ that baseball may have been discovered in China all the way back to the 1300's.  Now that would be something if true.  Anything to help China embrace the sport.  The curiosity is not just limited to the Americans. 

Wikipedia also did not give Italy a full piece on its history but below is a paragraph that is included in the link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_States.
 
Italian league competition did not start until after World War II, as Bologna won the first title in 1948. The Italian team has won 8 European titles, among which the very first title, and the team has fought out many finals with archrival the Netherlands. Because of the large number of Americans of Italian descent, there are always a few players in the national team with double nationality. The Italian national team have competed at all three Olympics, finished 6th twice. Best World Championships showing was a fourth place, in 1998 

History of baseball in the Netherlands as extracted from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_States
 
One of the two major European baseball nations, the Netherlands saw baseball for the first time shortly after 1900. A baseball federation (the KNSNB) was founded in 1912, and the Holland Series was established in 1922, the first winner being Quick from Amsterdam. Today, an eight team professional league, the Honkbal Hoofdklasse (Major League Baseball) sends its teams to the Holland Series.

The Netherlands have won 15 European Championship titles, and participated in the Olympics twice, finishing fifth in Summer Olympics after upsetting the Cuban team.   At the World Championships, a 4th position has been the best achievement so far. Some of the players in the Dutch team are actually from the Netherlands Antilles. Four Dutch players have played in the Major Leagues, the most notable of whom is 287 game winner Bert Blyleven. Atlanta Braves star Andruw Jones is from the Netherlands Antilles. The World Port Tournament and the Haarlemse Honkbalweek are biannual international tournaments for national and club teams, organised in the cities of Rotterdam and Haarlem, respectively.